Jeremy Bentham: «Not Paul, But Jesus» (1823)
Jeremy Bentham's «Not Paul, But Jesus» [published under the pseudonym Philip Beauchamp] is a thought-provoking essay that challenges conventional religious beliefs and advocates for a return to the authentic teachings of Jesus rather than the theological interpretations of Paul. Bentham presents a critique of the Apostle Paul's influence on Christianity, highlighting the divergence between the ethical principles of Jesus and the dogmas promulgated by Paul. Through his analysis, Bentham encourages readers to reexamine the foundations of their faith and to prioritize the moral teachings of Jesus over Pauline doctrines.
Bentham commences his argument by asserting that the authoritative role of Paul in shaping Christian doctrine has obscured the original teachings of Jesus. He contends that Paul's epistles, being primarily theological in nature, have overshadowed the ethical teachings of Jesus present in the Gospels. The consequence of this distortion, according to Bentham, is a diluted and manipulated version of Christianity that places dogma above moral conduct.
Central to Bentham's analysis is the contrast between the messages of Jesus and Paul on the nature of morality. He emphasizes that Jesus advocated for a compassionate and benevolent ethic, focusing on love, humility, and forgiveness. In contrast, Bentham posits that Paul's teachings revolved around sin, redemption, and the worship of Christ as the Son of God. The author contends that Paul's emphasis on original sin and the need for redemption through Christ's sacrifice has led to a fixation on guilt and fear, detracting from the essence of Jesus' moral teachings.
Moreover, Bentham critiques the hierarchical and authoritarian structure that emerged in the Christian Church due to Paul's influence. He argues that Paul's endorsement of a single Church with established authority figures perpetuated a system that allowed for the manipulation and control of religious teachings. This, Bentham asserts, deviates from Jesus' emphasis on individual spiritual autonomy and direct relationship with God.
Bentham further criticizes the doctrine of eternal damnation and salvation propagated by Paul. He contends that this theological framework promotes an environment of fear and coercion, diverting attention from the importance of leading a virtuous life guided by love and compassion. For Bentham, this focus on rewards and punishments reduces the moral incentive for ethical behavior and undermines the authenticity of true religious devotion.
The essay also delves into the historical context of Paul's conversion and his transformation from a persecutor of Christians to an ardent missionary. Bentham questions the genuineness of Paul's vision on the road to Damascus, suggesting that it might have been a subjective hallucination rather than a divine encounter. By doing so, Bentham seeks to challenge the theological authority granted to Paul and prompt readers to reevaluate the legitimacy of his teachings.
In advocating for a return to the teachings of Jesus, Bentham seeks to revive the ethical core of Christianity. He calls for a more rational and critical approach to religious beliefs, encouraging believers to question dogmas that have strayed from Jesus' original message of love, compassion, and social justice. Bentham's insistence on the primacy of ethical conduct aligns with his utilitarian philosophy, which emphasizes the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
In conclusion, Jeremy Bentham's «Not Paul, But Jesus» presents a compelling literary analysis that challenges the traditional doctrines of Christianity. Through his critique of Paul's influence, Bentham urges readers to refocus on the ethical teachings of Jesus, advocating for a return to a more authentic and compassionate form of Christianity. His essay serves as a call for critical examination of religious beliefs and a reminder of the moral imperative to prioritize love and compassion in human conduct.